April 4th, 2012 at 1:35 am

Magok Alier Akuot (Borglobe)


It is said that two wrongs can’t make a right. I have lost patience in the way things are done in the Republic of South Sudan and so I think that I can’t just keep quiet which is why I will ask you to read through with me as I take you along on what I think is not rightly done.Upon attainment of independence on July 9th, 2011, the Republic of South Sudan adopted the Transitional Constitution after the President of the Government of Southern Sudan and current President of the Republic of South Sudan, H.E Gen. Salva Kiir Mayardit, appended his signature!

 

The Transitional Constitution came into force on July 9th, 2011- the day it was adopted by the Constituent Assembly in Juba. Art 6(2) of the Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan (TCRSS), 2011 provides that English shall be the official working language in the Republic of South Sudan as well as the language of instruction at all levels of education. Here, this provision is well laid down in a plain simple language which does not need any translation since there is no usage of the legal wording. A couple of months ago, Arabic students at the University of Bahr el Ghazal in Wau town went on strike demanding the giving of lectures in Arabic. The same criterion was used by University of Juba Arabic students demanding the giving of lectures in Arabic. In all these scenarios, something had to be done to stop the violence from escalating and what ought to be done had to be at a price!

 

The price was either to ignore the provision and deal away with its intended meaning-something lawyers call violation of the law or ignore the students’ demands which meant calling for more strikes. The said two universities had to allow the giving of lectures in Arabic just as Arabic students had demanded! This settled down well in the interest of the striking students. But did the two Universities respect Article 6(2) of the TCRSS, 2011? No, they didn’t. They simply violated it in the interest of the said category of students.  The point is I’m not against Arabic nor do I intend to suggest it is my wish Arabic is not guaranteed as an official working language in our new nation, but again it is a question of law and I should be justified to think that we have knowingly or wilfully violated the law we adopted Eight months and twenty-four days ago! Isn’t that funny? I should say it is not because there is no fun in violating our Supreme Law.

 

It all comes to who we are and what we aspire to achieve with respecting the supreme law. But when the going gets tough, perhaps the tough gets going and we may sacrifice anything including violating our supreme law as long as certain citizens who are dissatisfied with our supreme law are brought on board!Towards the end of 2011, the Minister of Higher Education, Science and Technology-Dr. Adwok Nyaba stated that students of Dr. John Garang Memorial University of Science and Technology (Dr. JG-MUST) should be given diplomas and that the faculty of law at the University would be closed down and the Law students transferred to University of Juba. This was to the astonishment of not only the students of the said University but also to all those who laid the foundation of this University! For clarity, the students enrolled for degree programmes But not diploma programmes.  

 

By this time, the University was a Branch of the Free International University of Moldova. For six months, commencing 4th February, 2008 -1st August, 2008 students enrolled for Access Course. The purpose for Access Course was to harmonise students’ academic backgrounds since these students are holders of East African High School certificates as well as Ethiopian Grade 10 and/or 12 plus less than five Sudan High School certificate holders.The degree programmes began on 15th September, 2008 under the Moldovans. Students studied for one Semester after which they were given long term vacation.  The University was taken over by South Sudanese following the appointment of Prof. Aggrey Ayuen Majok as the Vice Chancellor. Prof. Aggrey mobilised the necessary human resource including Academic staff (lecturers) and took over from Moldovans. Since then the University curriculum has been consistent for degree programmes under four faculties of Law, Science and Technology; Agriculture and Environmental Science.

 

The point is these students who are said to be given diplomas have been on campus undergoing degree training for now close to five years commencing September 2008-2012! The normal diploma programme in Sudan and perhaps in South Sudan takes three academic years. What sort of diplomas was the Minister referring to and why, of all the South Sudanese Universities, is this University singled out? Is it his jurisdiction to determine University programmes or is it the mandate of University senate? Does he have direct jurisdictions to direct VCs to award their students either Certificates, diplomas; Bachelors, Masters, Doctorate, or Honorary degrees? I don’t think so.

The position held by Dr. Adwok Nyaba is totally a political one which gives him minimal academic interference in pursuit of holistic university education. He is a policy maker who has limits contained in the Constitution as well as the Universities’ Act. The a award of a diploma as said by Dr. Adwok is entirely not his call but it’s a determination which is not, under reasonable circumstances, made by the VC but the senate as a supreme University academic body. There is a designed diploma programme which runs for three academic years but a diploma intended by the Minister to be awarded to students of Dr. JG-MUST must have been a political one which is not only in the interest of the said students but also against the interest of South Sudan as a whole. But again the question is is the Minister justified in saying that the students of Dr. JG-MUST should be awarded diplomas?

The most intriguing point is up to this moment students of Dr. JG-MUST have not been given National Identity Numbers (N.ID.N). The foundation of this University was laid by our President, H.E Gen. Salva Kiir Mayardit and confirmed by the then President of the Government of National Unity (GoNU), H.E Omar Hassan Bashir during his visit to Bor Town in the 2010 Presidential elections. By this time, our current Minister of Higher Education was the Minister of   Higher Education in the (GoNU). He must have been aware of all these processes and here he is talking of having the Students of this fully pledged university awarded diplomas! This is totally outrageous and unacceptable to the students of the said University. The best approach, though, should have been a comprehensive enquiry to determine the number of credit hours as well as courses covered by the said students per their individual faculties.

 

This proves that the communication of such decision must have been, de facto as well as de jure, sloppy and so I believe the Minister acted beyond the confines of his mandate! I think that the Minister erred in his decision and should withdraw his decision in the interest of successful university education as well as the Ministry of Higher Education. But when the going gets tough I guess this is the effect of the going getting tough!Six days ago on Tuesday, the 27th March 2012, University of Juba students went on inter-communal strike. The strike involved students from Greater Equatoria and Dinka. In a nutshell, it wasn’t a kind of strike one would wish to have been involved in because it lacked the materiality of a genuine strike. Why would students strike on tribal basis for goodness sake?

 

This is totally embarrassing and the said category of students ought to apologise to the University, nation and the entire world as a whole! Normally, students strike for a common cause such as academic related issues, feeding; sanitation and tuition fees increment to mention but few. In my academic background, I have never heard students go on strike based on tribes. This is totally discouraging and brings the reputation of the most recognised nation’s University into disrepute. At the University, one is neither a Dinka, a Nuer, a Kakwa, a Lotuka, a Didinga; a Zande; a Jur, a Shilluk nor a Kachipo to mention but few. Your identity is being called. Simple as that. I was taken aback to hear the news of this barbaric strike.  Above all, it would be insufficient to think that the students were not wise to do what they did without some sort of political motivation. Well, I’m not trying to speculate and shatter your patience but I think it is better to not leave any stone unturned in order to justify the wrongfulness of students’ actions in the said strike.

 

If there was some sort of political motivation, then the students would have done what the reasonable man ought to have done in the same circumstances having reason to believe or foresee the impact of his actions. So there is no excuse blaming the politicians in this scenario because students did not do what the reasonable man should have done in the same circumstances having reason to believe or foresee the impact his actions would exert on the public and the nation as a whole. The purpose of University education is to mould you to become a responsible citizen having the desire and the moral will to develop and fight the good cause of his people. If our students begin fighting themselves now while at the University then what image are they giving the entire nation: that they will be future leaders? No. We do not condone tribal driven-conflicts especially in an intellectual family.

 

As I have said earlier, the concerned students should apologise to their communities, Juba University; General Public, Juba County, Republic of South Sudan and the entire world because their actions were totally barbaric, scandalous and primitive by nature! But when the going gets tough anything of the aforesaid, including what is not written herein the present article, can happen!  I contend that there ought to have been a better solution and to that effect the policymakers in the given scenarios should rethink and revisit their policies or decisions in order to reach a comprehensive solution. But do not forget when the going gets tough the most informed policymakers may lose track and decide beyond the limits of their jurisdictions.
 
Magok Alier Akuot is a Fourth Year Law student at Dr. JG-MUSTHe can be reached at: unclelouish@rocketmail.com/unclelouish@gmail.com The views and opinions expressed herein the article are entirely mine and do not represent those of Dr. JG-MUST.

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April 3rd, 2012 at 2:56 am

By Agereb Leek Chol, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA

4/2/2012

To whom it may concern:

Government of South Sudan (GoSS, Greater Bor Community, Atuot Community, Aliap Community, Bahr el Ghazal Community, Nuer Community, Shilluk Community, Yirol Community, Mundari Community, Murle Community, Equatoria Community, Ngok Community, Misseriya Community, and South Sudan Youth.

 

It came to my attention that Egypt’s company has begun their project to dredge Nile tributaries this month. William Gatjang Gieng, Unity State Minister of Environments and Natural Resources in Unity state, said "that the teams from the Egyptian company are working to deepen the river to allow more boats to transport goods and people. One team will dredge the Naam River from Rubkotna junction in Unity State to Lake No just north of the Sudd swamp, where the Bahr el Ghazal River meets the River Kiir. Another project will start from Wetmachar Achol in Wau, the capital of Western Bahr el Ghazal State, to Wangkeay Bridge "(Borglobe). The question is what are the advantages and disadvantages for this project to the Sudd Wetlands in South Sudan? It should be apparent that Egyptian government will take any opportunity to increase the Nile water flow by drying up the wetlands since Jonglei Canal scheme failed during the civil war.

 

It is obvious that South Sudan depend on food transported from Kenya, Uganda, and Sudan. I wonder why South Sudanese are reluctant to farm nowadays. Perhaps insecurity and the new found wealth from oil is derailing agricultural production. John Kudusay once asked in his song, "who is the UN"? He says, "the UN is like us. He’s born like us and then he goes to school. After finishing school, he then go around the world and help those who need help". It would be nice everyone in South Sudan had this mentality. "The government hopes that improving river transport will allow goods and services to flow more freely and make it easier to trade and do business" (Borglobe). Despite the rise of food prices in Unity state, is this project necessary to spend 26.6 million dollars instead of building better roads in South Sudan? Why rush and clean the Nile River knowing South Sudan and Sudan have many issues that can return both countries to war? God forbid the SAF will not use the Nile River to attack the Republic of South Sudan if both countries were to return to war.

 

The attempt to dry up the Sudd in South Sudan was first envisioned by the Britain and Egypt government who jointly ruled Sudan in the 1930s. This project came be known as Jonglei Canal. The goal was to provide 20 million m3 of water per day to Egypt for agriculture use. "The project would shrink the wetlands by approximately 40%. A second phase for the project was also planned, which would completely dry up the wetlands" (Allen, 2010). However, this project never materialized until it was resurrected in the 1970s by Nimeiri government. Nimeiri believed that the Jonglei Canal would facilitate "national development" in South Sudan. Obviously, Nimeiri had no intention to develop South Sudan. Despite the opposition by politicians from South Sudan, Jonglei project proceeded. Lucky, the SPLA derailed the construction by destroying the equipment sometimes in 1983. "The Sudd Wetlands, located in Southern Sudan, is one of African’s largest wetlands (30,000-40,000 KM2, formed from the spillage of water from the Nile. The wetland supports a diversity of ecosystems with a reach flora and fauna" (IWMI), 2008).

 

Who will be affected if sudd wetlands dry up?

 

The Dinka, Nuer, and Shilluk pastoralists tribes depend on the sudd to graze their livestock, and for farming during dry seasons. Not only that, Sudd provides enormous fish production for local people who live in rural areas. In fact, if it wasn’t for these swamps during Sudan’s civil war, majority of civilians would have starved to death. There is no doubt if the Sudd wetlands dry up, South Sudanese will have to transport fish from neighboring countries. I would argue that if were not for sudd wetlands, the Sudanese Armed Forces would have weakened the SPLA because they could have easily navigated through the Nile River by boat. The question is what will these tribes do when these areas dry up? Perhaps the Government of South Sudan (GoSS) is tired of the killing caused by cattle rustling. Clearly, if these areas dry up, Sudd wetlands will experience a decrease of rainfalls and an area about 30,000 square kilometer will become a desert. Can the GoSS afford the sudd wetlands to dry up so the Nile River is passable by boats?

 

Secondly, the GoSS can’t ignore the vegetation and ecosystem that would be lost if this vast region becomes a desert. The question is what will happen to 400 species of birds and animals that rely on these wetlands? There is no doubt these species will die, and the Nile River will never be the same again. In 2008, Kenyan wildlife tourism was around 70% of Kenyan total revenue. The Sudd wetlands is a potential tourist destination if the GoSS invest their time instead of letting the Egyptian government exploit their vulnerable position.

 

In conclusion, the GoSS needs to stop this project immediately because it will change many lives in South Sudan. The GoSS need to look at the long term affects instead of relying on short term solutions. It doesn’t take a rocket scientist to figure out the catastrophe this project would cause to many species in South Sudan. I hope bribery didn’t influence the minister’s decision. What’s the difference between Jonglei Canal and dredging of the Nile River? Why can’t the GoSS use 26.6 million dollars to connect many roads in South Sudan instead of relying on the river for transportation? Why can’t the government use these funds to develop agricultural production instead? Until the Nile water agreement of 1929 is abolished by the riparian countries, the GoSS needs to be careful because the Egyptian government doesn’t serve the interest of South Sudan.

 

The minister should consult external experts who have no interest in the Nile River. Secondly, Sudd wetlands need to be surveyed first to understand who will be affected by the project. If the GoSS allow this project to continue then why not let the Jonglei Canal resume. Lastly, I urge the Dinka, Nuer, and Shilluk tribes who rely on the Sudd wetlands to alert their governors, commissioners, and their chiefs to alert the government about the disaster this project will do to the ecosystem. This project will affect these tribes in the short term, but the entire country will regret this in the future. Failure to act will lead to water wars within South Sudan years from now. The Dinka and Nuer will no longer have "toch" to graze their livestock during dry season. The Nilotic cultures will be lost, and everyone will have to move to ‘modern cities’ and abandon the so-called "backward society". Maybe this is one way to uproot the Nilotic culture indirectly. Most importantly, fishing will be limited unless one has modern equipment to fish in a ‘deep Nile’ River. Let’s not have rising food prices influence our decision. This problem can be solved easily if everyone gets their act together by holding their constituents accountable. We can’t keep saying if Dr. Garang de Mabior was alive today, South Sudan will be a better place. There is no doubt if he was alive, things might be different, but mourning him every day will not do us any good! Dr. Garang de Mabior and his comrades emancipated South Sudanese from Bashir’s regime, but now it’s our turn to carry on the torch. Wake up Southerners, this project will turn the Republic of South Sudan into a desert. It’s not too late to stop this project.

 

This author is a concern citizen. He can be reach at schol@clarku.edu

 

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March 25th, 2012 at 4:17 pm

By Tearz Ayuen (Borglobe)

“Wewe! Jinga hii. Unafanya nini hapa?!  Nakuuliza, what are you doing here?”.........That was a Kenyan administration police officer barking questions at me on May 19, 2009, the very day I arrived in Nairobi following my first field trip to South Sudan where I traveled to to cover a seven-day peace conference in Bor.
That day, I touched down at Kenyatta Airport at around 2 o’clock, boarded a taxi cab to the office as required by the organization policy. I greeted colleagues and worked out a few petty assignments. About an hour later, I rode home in another taxi. By then, I was staying at my Cousin Bullen Achiek Ngong’s house at Ngara, about 3 kilometers north of downtown.

I was so exhausted, so, I decided to take a shower in order to freshen myself up. It was after I stepped out of the bathroom I remembered I had no cologne. I had forgotten the only one I had in my hotel room at Juba’s Hamza Inn.
Being a great lover of perfumes, I couldn’t resist going for another one. Hence, I dashed back to town. At Tuskys Beba Beba supermarket, the queues were so long that I painfully spent about 30 minutes standing in the line. By the time I was done buying “Tattoo Junkie” spray, it was already late - that time of the day the light undresses for darkness.
It was on a week day, meaning the evening was characterized by deafening honking, crazy human and terrific traffic jams. I had to walk a few distances towards National Archives building along Tom Mboya Street, loaded with kilos of hopes that I would quickly find route 6 Mathree to drop me off near the house.

In addition to the normal human traffic, it was also that time of Nairobi when hawkers notoriously defiantly display their second and even third-hand wares on the pavements, a behavior that pisses off the city council management because - besides the by-law prohibiting unlicensed selling of goods on the streets - it increases the likelihood of accidents and it also makes it hard for a pedestrian to squeeze his or her way through. Being used to it, I was comfortable doing the squeezing and pushing when suddenly tom Mboya Street turned into a football pitch. Everyone started chasing a ball, an imaginary ball. All the pedestrians ran into different directions. I saw men and women fall down. Upon seeing people with bleeding knees and hands as a result of bad sudden falls, my fear button got turned on, automatically, forcing me to stay put at least to figure out what exactly was going on. I tried hard to catch a glimpse of what the people where running away from or running to, but to no avail.

To my surprise, some voice echoed from behind. Ni nini unafanya hapa? I turned around only to see this sinewy cop dressed up in khaki. He was dark, round-faced, with tainted teeth.  I replied: “Boss, natakana hii commotion i-clear ndio nipande matz…..” hardly had I finished answering him when he interrupted me. “hapana! This is idling!!” He landed his rungu on my left knee. “What have I done? I asked. He ignored my question and hit me again and again.  And within split seconds, his colleagues, about five, descended from nowhere and joined him. They practiced playing xylophone on my knees till my legs refused to carry me anymore. I hit the ground with my knees. One grabbed me by my jumper and pulled me up. “nimedo makosa gani? Ni nini nimefanya? Nimewakosea aje?” I fired one question in different ways as the other officer struggled to hold me by the belt. They dragged me towards their truck, parked in the middle of the road. A huge jam had begun to build up as the police truck showed no sign of giving way. It was like they found what they were looking for -Tears Ayuen.

Many more officers got drawn to the scene as I refused to climb up the truck, seriously demanding to know where I had gone wrong first. The level of my adrenalin shot up, strengthening me. I got wild. My muscles tightened up. It was like I just received a shot of heroin. Hence I resisted the three cops who tried to force me into the vehicle. Intimidated by my unruliness, their commandant, a two-star boss breathed fire. I saw him hand his Motorola 77 and his headgear to another officer in readiness to help his juniors. Armed with various skills of manhandling a criminal, this dude grabbed me by the belt and tried to pull me up hoping that I would, with uneasiness, stand on my toes, an attempt that produced no fruits because he was a dwarf, almost the size of Inspector Mwala. In fact, I mistook him for Mwala until we got to the station.

A few seconds later, I felt some hand fumbling between my legs. It was a huge, rough, semi-metallic, bowl-like hand. My instincts told me that it was searching for my young precious fertile balls to squash them, explode them. With balls being very significant to me, I acted swiftly and smartly by deploying a tactics. I was in strong moderately tight pants, and they were almost falling as usual. To counter the ball-squeezing hand, the hand of infertility, the hand of extra-judicial castration, the hand of permanent emotional agony, I stretched my legs a little bit, making it impossible for him to reach out my golden testicles. See? Sagging saved my balls, my baby- making laboratory.

As they roughed me off, I unknowingly kept singing the same question until it became a one-line chorus of a hardcore hip hop track; “what have I done? What I done? What have I done? What have I done? What have I done? What have I done?”
They finally managed to fling me onto the truck and that was after some of the cops decisively climbed up the truck and pulled me up. They held me by my head, arms, collar while the ones on the ground prepared for a push. The force was so powerful that I fell on the floor chest first. “Korou korou”, my flat chest greeted the metallic floor.

Struggling to sit up, I quickly assumed the purpose of a footstool as the officers who were seated, guarding suspects, placed their dirty smelly old boots on my head, back.
One thing that amazed me after I gained humanity while still riding in the police vehicle was the devil that sent me to town, the spray that I bought. Despite all the rough experiences from the police; the pulling, hitting, pushing, yanking, it remained glued to my left hand, safe and intact.
After roaming the streets for about an hour, we arrived at the central police station where we marched into the registration office.

The police officers who arrested us threw a blanket charge: “hawa wote ni hawkers. They engaged in illegal trading. Na huyo kijana ni kichwa kibovu.” “But I’m not a hawker, sir. Mimi ni msu……….,” I objected. “Ati nini? And how did you get herrrr….” The commandant murmured the word “here” as his lips froze with confusion, and sticking his bloodshot eyes on my forehead. He whispered something to the registrar’s ear and walked out. That assured me they had finally discovered I wasn’t a hawker, not a native either. They finally read my number plate engraved on my face.
After they realized that I was a Sudanese, the whole thing took a different course. I wasn’t a hawker anymore, meaning new charges.

“Wee, Galang, iko wapi passport?” asked the registrar, a fat dude who could not pronounce Garang properly. His mother tongue fucked up roman alphabets, especially letters L and R. “Reta kitamburisho, he screwed up words again. “sina sahihi. Iko nyumbani”, I answered.
After I failed to produce my passport, this son of a bitch pressed two charges against me. One, that I was an illegal alien. And two, obstruction; that I obstructed the officers from carrying out their operation by resisting arrest.

“Remove your belt, your watch, cash and phone. Take off your shoe, left,” ordered a jailer. Bang! He slammed the door behind me. In the cell, the strong and the powerful were waiting for me; to frisk me, hoping to find anything valuable. They only got a silver finger ring.
I spent the night awake as the floor was cold, wet and stinking. In the morning, I heard some voice calling out, “Sudanese”. I got out only to recognize faces from my office. I had informed them of where I would spend the night shortly before the cops threw me in.

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March 18th, 2012 at 8:07 pm

By Amy Bingham
@Amy_Bingham

• ABC.com

 

Three weeks ago, George Clooney was sauntering down the Oscar’s red carpet in Giorgio Armani threads, cracking jokes with Ryan Seacrest.

Twenty-eight days, one round-trip flight to Sudan and a rowdy protest later, the now-scruffy Hollywood superstar has swapped his designer suit for a pair of handcuffs and his cheeky E! interviews for gravely serious sit-downs on the Sunday morning political shows.

So what inspired America’s sexiest man to launch his crusade to bring aid to the war-ravaged people of Sudan?

“I grew up in a family that believed that … your job was to be involved with your fellow man,” Clooney said on “Fox News Sunday.” “You have a responsibility to participate in the human condition, one way or another.”

Clooney, whose father Nick Clooney was a broadcast news anchor, said that growing up around news made him a “big believer in the importance of information.” He also learned the realities of hard news being scrapped for celebrity gossip.

“I saw my father in the ’70s doing really good stories and then getting bumped because there was a Liz Taylor story that was going to be out,” Clooney said.

When he first learned of the plight in Sudan back in 2006, Clooney said his first reaction was to call his journalist father.

“I said, ‘Remember how you used to get all your stories bumped by Liz Taylor or something happened in Hollywood?’ And he said, ‘Yes.’ I said, ‘Well, let’s go to Darfur. And you be the newsman and I’ll be Liz Taylor and let’s get it on the air,’” Clooney said Sunday.

Last week, Clooney made the rounds in Washington, D.C., in an attempt to convince Congress and the president to initiate negotiations with China to intervene in Sudan against the country’s president, Omar Al-Bashir, an alleged war criminal.

“What’s going on right there is exactly what we saw in the beginning of Darfur,” Clooney said. “All three men charged with war crimes at The Hague are the same three who are now bombing indiscriminate innocent civilians with Antonov planes with 300-millimeter Chinese rockets.”

Clooney, who appeared on three Sunday morning news programs today, said the United States and China are in a unique bargaining position right now because South Sudan has stopped producing oil, thereby eliminating 6 percent of China’s oil imports.

The actor argued that with gas prices rising, the fighting in Sudan is now more than a humanitarian issue. It’s an economic one.

“When the Chinese aren’t getting their 6 percent from Sudan, they are getting it [oil] from somewhere else and that drives the [gas] price up for everyone else,” Clooney told CNN’s Fareed Zakaria.

Realistically, Clooney said the U.S. and NATO are not going take military action to stop the Sudanese government from bombing civilians. So instead he called for the United States to employ the same techniques the government uses to discover the funding channels of terrorist organizations to “go after” the money supporting the Sudanese “war criminals.”

And at the end of the day, Clooney said it is all about “saving lives.”

“We are going and standing where people are shooting rockets at us and we’re standing where there’s a bomb hit the ground and didn’t blow up, and that helps get attention to the story that we are trying to tell, then that’s all we can do,” the actor said on Fox. “I don’t make policy. I can just make it louder.”

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March 18th, 2012 at 5:35 pm

By Agereb Leek Chol, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA

(Borglobe) -- Protecting civilians should be the primary job for the government. However, the Government of South Sudan (GoSS) has failed tremendously to stop massacres in Jonglei state. In Jonglei’s Tribal Conflicts: Countering Insecurity in South Sudan estimated that 2,500 people were killed in 2009. My research dating back from 2005 until 2012 finds that 7334 were killed in Jonglei state because of cattle raids, counter attacks, and rebels casualties. These killing were exacerbated by the 2006 ‘forcible disarmament’, which left the Nuer and the Dinka Bor vulnerable to Murle’s raiders? The GoSS failed to simultaneously disarm everyone in Jonglei state.

Month & Year	Location	ETHNIC Ethnic group—instigators	Ethnic Ethnic group—victims	Total death	Casualties	Children Abducted	Arson	Displaced	GOSS response	Main Main Cause
May, 2007	Jonglei state (Duk)	Dinka	Lou Nuer	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Investigate-d by the Governor	20,000 head of cattle stolen
May, 2009	Torkeij Upper Nile	Lou Nuer	Jinkay Nuer	71	50	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Land disputes And retaliation
Aug,2009	Jonglei Wernyol Panyangor	Lou Nuer	Dinka	42	64	N/A	N/A	24,000	Security services deployed	Retaliation For the theft of 20,000 cattle
Sept, 2009	Jonglei Duk padiet	Lou Nuer	Dinka	167	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Police deployed	Slow response  by GOSS
Jan 7, 2010	Wunchai, Warrap	Nuer	Dinka	140	90	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	5000 cattle stolen
Jan 6, 2010	Tonj Warrap state	N/A	Dinka & Nuer	40	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Cattle raid
Sep, 2011	Mayendit Unity  state	“Raiders from Warrap”	Dinka	28	18	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Theft of 100,000 cattle
Total				488	222			24,000		125,000

Month & Year	Location	ETHNIC Ethnic group—instigators	Ethnic Ethnic group—victims	Total death	Casualties	Children Abducted	Arson	Displaced	GOSS response	Main Main Cause
March, 2009	Akobo & Pibor, Jonglei		Lou Nuer Murle	750	1000	N/A	N/A	N/A	Ismail Konyi dispatched	600 cattle stolen
March, 2009	Pibor Jonglei	Lou Nuer	Murle	450	45	N/A	N/A	5,000	N/A	Retaliation
April, 2009	Jonglei, Akobo	Murle	Lou Nuer	250	70	N/A	N/A	16,000	Lou-Murle Peace talk	Retaliation on  March attack
August, 2009	Jonglei, Mareng	Murle	Lou Nuer	185	18	N/A	N/A	N/A	Governor condemne-d the killing	N/A
August, 2011	Uror, Jonglei	Murle	Lou Nuer	640	861	208	7924 huts	N/A	SPLA forces deployed	Theft of 38,000 cattle
Dec, 2011	Pibor, Jonglei	Lou Nuer	Murle	3,000	N/A	1293		60,000	SPLA & UN dispatch	Retaliation attack, w Which of 375,186 cattle stolen
March, 2012	Nyirol, Jonglei state	Murle	Nuer	30	15	NA	N/A	N/A	N/A	15, 000 heads Of cattle stolen
Total				5305	2009	1504	0	80,000		428786 cattle

Month & Year	Location	ETHNIC Ethnic group—instigators	Ethnic Ethnic group—victims	Total death	Casualties	Women & Children Abducted	Arson	Displaced	GOSS response	Main Main Cause
October, 2007	Bor, Jonglei	Murle	Dinka	N/A	N/A	2	N/A	N/A	N/A	Child adduction
Dec, 2011	Jale Jonglei	Murle	Dinka	42	17	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Jan, 2012	Duk Jonglei	Murle	Dinka	47	7	N/A	N/A	N/A	UN Dispatch-ed	200 heads of Cattle stolen
February, 2012	Bor, Jonglei	Dinka Bor	Murle	9	11	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Retaliation
Total				98	35	2

Month & Year	Location	Instigators	Total death	Casualties	Arson	Displaced	GOSS response	Main Main Cause
May, 2006	Motot, karam , Yuai, Jonglei	South Sudan Rebels	113	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Disarmament campaign
May, 2006	Uror, Nyirol, Jonglei	South Sudan Rebels &  SPLA	1600	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Disarmament campaign 1200 Lou youth and 1400 SPLA killed
Oct, 2009	Terekeka, Central Equatoria	LRA rebels	30	N/A	N/A	22,000	N/A	N/A
Oct, 2009	Western Equatoria	LRA rebels	205	135		67,700	N/A	N/A
Oct, 2010	Mayom, Unity State	South Sudan Rebels	75	18	N/A	N/A	SPLA forces dispatch	600 cattle Confiscated Rebel’s homes
May , 2011	Nyandeit, Unity State	South Sudan Rebel	86	N/A	N/A	N/A	SPLA Forces dispatched	Rebels Attacking SPLA stations
June, 2011	Tony, Warrap state	South Sudan Rebels	50	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Dec, 2011	Pigi , Jonglei	South Sudan Rebels	9	13	N/A	N/A	SPLA Forces dispatched	Voting Fraud
Total			2168	166

The second armed group is the South Sudan Liberation Army (SSLA), a rebel group made up of forces formerly loyal to Peter Gadet who had accepted an amnesty from the President of South Sudan, Salva Kiir Mayardit. However, majors of SSLA forces haven’t been integrated into the SPLA and they pose a threat to peace. The data collected from 2005 to 2011 shows that together George Athor’s and Peter Gadet’s rebels’ clashes with the SPLA have killed 2168 people in South Sudan. The SSLA accused the government of South Sudan of corruption and underdevelopment. According to the BBC, “they are angered by what they believe is the domination by the Dinka ethnic group” (BBC, October 29, 2011). Senior officers – majors -- of these rebels are from the Nuer tribe. Their confrontation with government soldiers has resulted in the deaths of many civilians.

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March 15th, 2012 at 4:06 am

Last night, I had a dream

In my dream,

President Kiir visits his ailing partner,

President Omar Hassan Bashir

Bashir contracted diarrhea,

A chronic diarrhea

Coz he drank unclean water from river Nile

He couldn’t afford bottled water

He is broke

Oil production got shutdown by Kiir

Bashir ekes out

Handouts from Arab League

After Kiir gave him emotional and moral strength,

He asks him what his say is

In regards to the outstanding CPA issues;

The Abyei,

Border issues,

Oil transit fees,

And nationality question

Before answering Kiir,

He gets up,

Runs to the toilet

Spends half an hour in there

He comes back,

Stands by the door,

And breathes heavily

It’s here Kiir sees his full body frame

Silhouetting in an ankle-length loose white Jalabia

The beer-belly he acquired

Through South Sudan oil money shrinks;

It’s disappearing

His ribs protrude

Kiir counts them

They’re ten

Two of them got surgically removed

After he got shot by Kerubino Kuanyin Bol

During a one-on-one meeting somewhere in Omdurman

In the 90s,

An incident that went unreported for fear of

Grand official butchering of reporters

Along with their families

"I beg your pardon, repeat your question,

Ya baba Mayar", he asks Kiir

Before Kiir finishes shooting the same question for the second time,

Bashir dashes into the toilet again,

Leaving Kiir seething with rage;

Agitated,

Irritated

Kiir plunges into a sea of thoughts,

Trying to figure out how

He will make bashir speak his language

Bashir comes back,

Holding a small bluish container

For keeping water used in place of toilet roll

He fills it up with water from an old pot

And places it near the door

He sits on an old mat

Made from reeds

People say his wife got the mat from a neighbor

Immediately after auctioneers

Stormed in Bashir’s house

And confiscated the furniture;

They were sent by the landlord

Who grew impatient

After Bashir failed to pay February rent

Back to the point:

Bashir begins to respond to Kiir

He starts off by telling Kiir to go to hell

Coz he ain’t letting any other thing

Slip through his fingers

Since he allowed south to go it alone as

An independent state through the 2011 referendum

Kiir begs him to reduce oil transit fee demand;

From $36 to 40 cents per barrel

Kiir also implores him to leave Abyei alone

But still, Bashir insists that Kiir goes to hell

And races to the toilet again

He spends his good time in there

Provoked by Bashir’s attitude,

Kiir grows smarter

He hatches a plan

And waits till Bashir comes back

Salva says he wants to use the toilet

Bashir directs Kiir:

"Go straight on; turn left, turn left again.

It’s the one with

A green door next to the gate"

Salva leaves, taking along the Citizen Newspaper

He takes his time in there

Ten minutes elapse,

Still no sign of Kiir

Now the worst happens

Bashir gets pressed again;

Remember he has a running stomach

He rushes toward the toilet, the only toilet

Only to find it locked from inside

Salva is in, reading the newspaper

Atlala bara ya Salva. Ena taban

What are you doing in there?"

Bashir panics

But Kiir keeps mum

"Knock knock knock"

He knocks, he pushes the door

Kiir whistles

As he turns pages of the newspaper,

He scans through the stories

Pretending to find an interesting story to read

Finally, Kiir breaks the silence:

"What do you think of my proposals?"

Bashir says they will discuss the issues back in the house

Kiir declines

And keeps reading the paper

Bashir begs Kiir, saying

"Please get out; I will sponsor 100 south Sudanese university students"

Kiir says thanks but that’s not what I want

With his left hand patting buttocks

And the right hand on the stomach;

Bashir begins to talk: "okay okay okay okay,

I’m proposing a meeting with you, just two us.

And it will be mediated by Obama himself"

Kiir resumes whistling

"Kiir please let me use the latrine,

Don’t let me do it in my pants

Kiir you are causing a scene;

My wives kids are milling around

And I can see my neighbors peering

I’ll do anything you want me to.

I will return all the barrels I confiscated,

I’ve given up Abyei. I…….

…..Ding…….dong…..Ding…dong,

My mobile phone rang,

Waking me from the dream

By: Tears Ayuen

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March 15th, 2012 at 3:21 am

I was shocked with the appointment of such army of ambassadors all at once at a time when our country is faced with serious economic hardship as a result of the oil shutdown (Luke Dak, USA).
 
By Paanluel Wël, Washington DC, USA, Planet Earth.
 
In exercise of the powers conferred upon him under Article 101 (o) of the Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011 A.D, read together with section 25 (1) (4) of the Diplomatic and Consular Service Act 2011, General Salva Kiir Mayaardit, founding and current President of the Republic of South Sudan, issued a Presidential Decree for the appointment of grade (1), (2) and (3) Ambassadors into the Diplomatic and Consular Services in the ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the Republic of Sudan on March 07, 2012 A.D. The Ambassadorial list consists of 10 grade (1), 43 grade (2) and 25 grade (3), making a total of 78 Ambassadors. The Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Hon. Nhial Deng Nhial, was directed by the President to transfer and assign the appointed Ambassadors in accordance with the Presidential Decree.
 
Among those appointed to Grade One are: 1- Mr. Majok Guandon Thiep 2- Dr. Chol Deng Alak 3- Mr. Mohamed Hassan Bakeit 4- Mr. Makelele Nyajok 5- Dr. Eluzai Mogga Yokwe 6- Dr. Akec Khoc Acieu 7- Mr. Sebit Abbe Alley and 1- Mr. Paul Macuel Malok 2- Dr. Andrew Akon Akec Kuol 3- Mr. Kuol Alor Kuol.
 
Grade Two appointees are: 1- Mr. Anthony Louis Kon 2- Mr. Ajing Adiang Mariik 3- Mr. Alier Deng Rual 4- Mr. Akuei Bona Malwal 5- Mr. Majak Philemon Majok 6- Mr. Baak Valentino Wol 7- Mr. John Andruga Duku 8- Mr. Mariano Deng Ngor 9- Dr. Francis George Nazario 10- Mr. Joseph Moum Majak 11- Mr. Parmena Makuet Mangar 12- Mr. Philip Jada Natana 13- Mr. Arop Deng Kuol 14- Mr. Michael Majok Ayom 15- Gabriel Gai Riak 16- Mr. Bol Wek Agoth 17- Dr. John Gai Yoh 18- Dr. Daniel Peter Othol 19- Mr. Ezekiel Lol Gathouth 20- Mr. Samuel Luate Lominsuk 21- Mr. Awad El Karim Ibrahim Ali 22- Mr. Adam Saeed AbuBakr Kabawa 23- Mr. Mustafa Lowoh Walla 24- Mr. Aban Yor Yor 25- Ms. Sittona Abdalla Osman 26- Mr. Pidor Tut Pul 27- Mr. James Ernest Onge 28- Mr. Jwokthab Amum Ajak 29- Mr. Paul Malong Akaro 30- Mr. Deng Deng Nhial 31- Mr. Lazaros Akoi Arou 32- Mr. Ruben Marial Benjamin 33- Abdon Terkoc Matuet 34- Mr. James Pitia Morgan 35- Mr. Dhanojak Obongo Othow 36- Mr. Jokwen Yukwan Ayiik 37- Mr. Michael Nyang Jok 38- Mr. Michael Mayiel Chuol 39- Ms. Abuk Nikonora Manyok 40- Ms. Nyandeng Joshua Dei Wal 41- Mr. Chol Mawut Unguec Ajonga 42- Mr. Darius Garang Wol Mabior 43- Mr. Joseph Ayok Ayok.
 
While Grade Three included the following names: 1- Mr. Thiik Agoth Giir 2- Mr. Nickson Deng Peter 3- Mr. Morris Batali Simon 4- Ms. Mary Badoda Francis 5- Mr. Hamilton Michael Lugor 6- Mr. Akwoch Daniel Diing 7- Ms. Jago Arop Yor 8- Mr. James Kur Muorwel 9- Ms. Sarah Victor Bol 10- Mr. William Wani Ruben 11- Mr. Wol Mayar Ariec 12- Mr. David Buom Choat 13- Ms Agnes A.O Oswaha 14- Mr. Caesar Oliha Yanga 15- Mr. Garang Garang Diing 16- Mr. Kau Nak Maper 17- Mr. Ambrose Raphael Tamania 18- Mr. Kahmis Agar Wol 19- Mr. Hassan Yousif Ngor 20- Mr. John Simon Yor Kur 21- Mr. Juma Dino Amoi 22- Mr. Dominique Panthair Mading 23- Dr. Riek Pouk Riek 24- Mr. Martin Kahmis Tabia 25- Mr. Raphael Nhial Kulang
 
The following variables can be employed to illustrate and better appreciate and understand this Presidential Decree for the Appointment of Ambassadors into the Diplomatic and Consular Services in the ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the Republic of Sudan: region, state, party, gender, educational and prior experience qualifications among others.

Analysis of South Sudan's Ambassadorial List. 

S/N	Name of Ambassador[1]	Region From	State From	Party From	Former Position	Country Assigned to
1	Majok Guandon Thiep	Greater Upper Nile	Jonglei	SPLM	Fmr. Sudan Ambassador to Kenya	--
2	Dr. Chol Deng Alak	Greater Bahr El Ghazal	Abyei or Warrap	SPLM	Fmr. Sudan Ambassador to Russia	--
3	Mohamed Hassan Bakeit	Greater Equatoria	Central Equatoria	SPLM	--	--
4	Makelele Nyajok	Greater Equatoria	Central Equatoria	SPLM	Ex-Judge of Appeal Court	--
5	Dr. Eluzai Mogga Yokwe	Greater Equatoria	Central Equatoria	SPLM	Fmr. Sudan Ambassador to France	--
6	Dr. Akec Khoc Acieu	Greater Upper Nile	Jonglei	SPLM	Fmr. Sudan Ambassador to the USA	--

7	Mr. Sebit Abbe Alley	Greater Equatoria	Central Equatoria	SPLM	Fmr. GoSS Ambassador to Zambia	--
8	Paul Macuei Malok	Greater Bahr El Ghazal	Lakes State	SPLM	Fmr. Sudan Ambassador to Bulgaria	--
9	Dr. Andrew Akon Akec Kuol	Greater Upper Nile	Jonglei	SPLM	--	--
10	Kuol Alor Kuol	Greater Bahr El Ghazal	Abyei or Warrap	SPLM	Fmr. GoSS Ambassador To Ethiopia	--
11	Anthony Louis Kon	Greater Bahr El Ghazal	Northern Bahr El Ghazal	SPLM	Fmr. Sudan Ambassador to Congo	--
12	Ajing Adiang Mariik	Greater Bahr El Ghazal	Warrap	SPLM	--	--

13	Alier Deng Rual	Greater Upper Nile	Jonglei	SPLM	Diplomat,   Sudan Ministry of Foreign Affairs	--
14	Akuei Bona Malwal	Greater Bahr El Ghazal	Warrap	SPLM	Fmr. Sudan Ambassador to the AU	--
15	Majak Philemon Majok	Greater Bahr El Ghazal	Lakes State	SPLM	Diplomat,   Sudan Ministry of Foreign Affairs	--
16	Baak Valentino Wol	Greater Bahr El Ghazal	Warrap	SPLM	--	--
17	John Andruga Duku	Greater Equatoria	Eastern Equatoria	SPLM	Fmr. GoSS Ambassador to Kenya	--
18	Mariano Deng Ngor	Greater Bahr El Ghazal	Northern Bahr El Ghazal	SPLM	--	--

19	Dr. Francis George Nazario	Greater Equatoria	Eastern Equatoria	SPLM	Fmr. GoSS Ambassador to the EU, Brussel	--
20	Joseph Moum Majak	Greater Bahr El Ghazal	Warrap	SPLM	Fmr. GoSS Ambassador to Canada	--
21	Dr. Parmena Makuet Mangar	Greater Bahr El Ghazal	Lakes State	SPLM	Fmr. GoSS Ambassador to Egypt and Middle East	--
22	Philip Jada Natana	Greater Equatoria	Central Equatoria	SPLM	Fmr.GoSS Deputy Amb. to Ethiopia	--
23	Arop Deng Kuol	Greater Bahr El Ghazal	Abyei or Warrap	SPLM	Fmr. GoSS Ambassador to Ethiopia	--
24	Michael Majok Ayom	Greater Upper Nile	Jonglei	SPLM	Fmr. GoSS Ambassador to Kenya	--
25	Gabriel Gai Riak	Greater Upper Nile	Jonglei	SPLM	Fmr. GoSS Ambassador to Nigeria	--

26	Bol Wek Agoth	Greater Bahr El Ghazal	Warrap	SPLM	Fmr. GoSS Ambassador to Norway	--
27	Dr. John Gai Yoh	Greater Upper Nile	Upper Nile	SPLM	Fmr. GoSS Ambassador to S. Africa	--
28	Dr. Daniel Peter Othol	Greater Upper Nile	Upper Nile	SPLM	Fmr. GoSS Ambassador to the UK	--
29	Ezekiel Lol Gathouth	Greater Upper Nile	Upper Nile	SPLM	Fmr. GoSS Ambassador to the USA	--
30	Samuel Luate Lominsuk	Greater Equatoria	Central Equatoria	SPLM	Fmr. GoSS Ambassador to Zimbabwe	--
31	Awad El Karim Ibrahim Ali	Greater Bahr El Ghazal	Western Bahr El Ghazal	SPLM	--	--
32	Adam Saeed AbuBakr Kabawa	Greater Bahr El Ghazal	Western Bahr El Ghazal	SPLM	--	--

33

Mustafa Lowoh Walla

Greater Equatoria

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March 11th, 2012 at 10:58 pm

"I wish to send a crystal clear message to all those who are involved or may get involved in corruption in Southern Sudan in the future. Rest assured the Government of Southern Sudan will prosecute you. You can run but you cannot hide. I assure you that the long arm of the Law will catch you...If you swallow something that belongs to the people, we will force you to vomit it out”  ---General Salva Kiir Mayardit, President of the Government of Southern Sudan (2009).

 

By Joseph Monyde Malieny

 

Eight Months since the historical independence of South Sudan in 2011, the South Sudanese society has devolved themselves into various standpoints such as tribal fights and land disputes, and distracted not to determine the successes or failures of our government ever since the coming of our freedom under the brutal Islamic regime of Sudan. It is therefore appropriate for the South Sudan society to do "good not bad or good not evil" "right not wrong" and evaluate the progress of ethics in public administration and administrative justice, that the government has made in their primary functions such as protective and coercive line functions; promotive and developmental line functions; enabling and facilitative staff functions and  implementation of its numerous policies published in South Sudan Transitional Constitution on the transformation of public service that set targets and timeframes for making the public service more representatives (Republic of South Sudan 2011). This constitution is our social contract between the South Sudan society and the South Sudan government.

 

The constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011, PART TWO,"BILL OF RIGHTS" (30(1)) stated, "All levels of government shall guarantee to persons with disabilities or special needs participation in society and the enjoyment of rights and freedoms set out in this Constitution, especially access to public utilities, suitable education and employment." This specific article gives us an obligation to litigate or ask public servants of how effective, efficiency, economical and appropriateness has the services been rendered to the determined priorities, but if we are busy with tribal planning of how to attack other tribal groups, then our government officials will be busy too, fuelling their pockets or account with public money for satisfying their private needs rather than people needs. So, let us distance ourselves from evil doings and join our constitution as our basic step of building South Sudan.
The purpose of this article is not to evaluate the progress that has been made with the transformation of the South Sudan public service, but to show what is "corruption," the causes of corruption,"  "community's or communities' role in corruption and communities/community control on corruption." As well as how protection services work through ethics guidelines and produce a conceptual framework that will extricate the major transformation of the newly born State's concepts in the public services. In doing writing, this article is going to explain what corruption is, so that one can know where and how an official get trap in corruption or dishonesty for personal gain; who are involved in corruption and how public services can be protected from misuse by officials.
 

Corruption

 

According to University of South Africa Press, corruption is defined as the abuse of power for personal gain (Professor F Uys 2006-117). It is an inducement to wrong by improper or unlawful means (bribery). Corruption, similar to stress, is a dynamic that has been present in all institutions since an institution is established, but it is undesirable and has a negative effect on the provision of services. According to "CHAPTER III" of ANTI-CORRUPTION COMMISSION 2011, Article (144 (1) d) affirm that, "pursuant to the provisions of Article 120 (1) herein; require all persons holding such public offices to make confidential formal declarations of their income, assets and liabilities." In South Sudan, corruption emerged amidst of public officials and police officials has become increasingly entrenched in politic as vice president (VP) of the Republic of South Sudan, Riek Machar, has officially declared his personal income, assets and liabilities while calling on all constitutional post holders in the country to do the same (Sudan tribune news: February, 14, 2012 JUBA).  In viciousness of sustained efforts to combat corruption, it has to continue for centuries if there are no essential majors against corruption rather than declaration personal assets, income and liabilities.

 

In fighting corruption to improve governance, the organization’s political fairness, partnerships and governance focus need to be clearly cited as its value-added contribution in the area of anti-corruption is vital. In efforts to eliminate corruption, institutions have to raise salaries, offer more training and education, and have to introduce policies to target those factors that give rise to corruption. To understand why corruption continues to boom, we need to understand how individuals diverge and how the community influences corruption as well as to understand the environment in which protection services operate. According to Article (144 (1) d) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan mentioned above. Require all persons holding public positions to declare their property, but corruption take place in all parts of government levels indirectly rather than national sphere, provincial sphere and local sphere. Emblematic patterns of corruption include treasure on construction contracts, bribes to ensure favourable decisions in granting licences, gratuities following the allocation of land, using public resources such as labour, vehicles, travel and accommodation for personal purposes, providing public sector employment for unqualified family members and friends, selling state property such as construction material or weapons and keeping the income from such sales, payment of wages to phantasm human resources into one's own bank account, and hiring an intermediary to disburse off the involved in order to expedite the issuing of a passport, or the bribing of a traffic officer to ignore a traffic offence. Theft, corruption and abuse of power is based on public officials and political office bearers but it's seem not to be in all offices of government levels but an illegitimate taxes or tipping on streets, airports, ports and markets are others phenomenon symbols of corruption, and these are usually related to public protective bodies such as agency of securities and police officers. The causes of corruption are important because public servants trap in corruption without knowing how he/she corrupts public funds. 

 

Causes of corruption

 

The causes of corruption are varies and should be viewed in the precise milieu. Corruption is closely an evil on every personal's career ways if you are not aware of its causes, but not exclusively, linked to an officials' optional power and the degree of accountability in executing such discretion. A numeral of conditions may influence the scope to which the execution of such discretion becomes vulnerable to corrupt practices; for instance, in the absence of clear rules and codes of ethics, discretionary power could easily become abused. Besides, the less effective government is in all-purposes, with dawdling budget procedures, lack of transparency, inadequate strategic vision and weak monitoring mechanisms, and delay of income, cause more fertile environment for corrupt practices. Stumpy public sector salaries and pitiable working conditions, with few incentives and rewards for efficient and effectives presentation, are strong inducement for corruption. The fact that the overall culture of governance plays an essential role, political leaders and top officials set an example of self-enhancement about public ethics, then lower-sphere officials and members of the public resolve to follow their suit.

 

Low compensation

 

In developing countries, mainly in Africa, the wages and salaries of public officials habitually stay low while inflation is going high and the devaluation of currencies is increasing. In view of these conditions, it has been said that, "public officials use corruption merely as a means to survive, and sometimes also simply because everyone else is doing it" (Uys 2006:118). One way of looking at corruption to argue that corrupt officials exist because they have been often corrupted by others, such as foreign actors. It is because multinational corporations have regularly been accused of bribery to secure contracts. It should not be ignored that the members of the public on a daily basis encourage corruption by bribing officials and even on occasion blackmailing them. This is usually being practiced by external influences to push their interests on track.

 

Individual values and norms

 

The public servant is morally bound, just as other people, to tell the truth, to keep promises, to respect the persons and the property of others, and to abide by the requirements of the law.  In many ways, this level only describes the basic adherence to moral codes that is expected of all members of a group or society. There are some basics of behavior that are anticipated of all if a society is to function for the collective good. For public officials, there is an additional reason why it is important to stick to these basic moral codes and laws: they have more power than the average constituent of the society. By disregarding this veracity, legalistic solutions based on institutional changes and stricter enforcement of rules is likely to effectively contain the extensive and systematic abuse of office sustained by social networks. If legal and institutional reforms are not applied in cycle with primary societal changes that adjust power relations and raise civic competence in dealing with corruption, then the prospects of making significant inroads into reducing corruption will remain remote. This is a narrative adapted from a study guide of "Public Administration of protection services" (University of South Africa Press 2006:119). Read it and imagine how protection services linked to corruption.

 

A young police officer was called to check on an elderly person. When he arrived, he found the person dead on the floor. On the table, he saw five hundred pound in cash. There was nobody else in the house and it seemed that the elderly person had lived alone. Certainly, the elderly person wake up and found his money on the table lost after a young police have informed his colleagues about his problem. Would anyone have known if the police officer had taken the money? May be, he did not, but another police officer in similar circumstance may have taken it. Some of the officers' colleagues may even have said that he was foolish not to have taken the money.
I can conclude from the above tale that, each human being has a set of norms and values that will guide his or her dealings. The person is imperative, but it can also take place that the state of affairs overrule the person, for instance, individual cases of corruption may be the result of insatiability, economic problems or collect force. In this situation, the institutions that grant protection services will do the whole lot in their power to avoid appointing individual whose personalities make them vulnerable to corrupt indirectly because when this occurs repeatedly, and then the circumstances is no longer tolerable.

 

Communities' role in corruption

 

The communities' contribution to corruption in institutions that provide protection services should also be taken into account by reporting illegal actions of those institutions. And if any community endures dishonesty, it also gets involved in it and it will encourage public institutions to flourish the environment of corruption. According to Uys 2006:120 mentioned that, "police scandals are said to have done much damage to the American police in the early nineties." The receipt of bribes, the protection of thieves such as those who hide unlawful materials, for instance, drugs for their private use and lack of departmental control over such behaviors on some police officers, threatened to cause serious damage to the image of the police and members of the communities felt that they could no longer trust those in power.

 

Control of corruption

 

There is no suspicion that corruption must be controlled directly by anti-corruption commission indirectly through communities' members. According to the Republic of South Sudan Constitution, "CHAPTER II" of "Duties of the Citizen" section (46{2} d) outline citizens duties to "prevent and combat corruption and sabotage;" it has allow all citizens to stand up against corruption. The costs are just too high, and it affects not only the individuals but also the delivery of protection services as a whole, and the community itself. Unlawful participation in corruption may demolish the career and family life of individual officers and may also guide to legal sanctions. From the community's point of view, corruption leads to a loss of respect for members of institutions, poor service delivery and loss of trust in the institution that corrupt public funds. Within the institution itself, corruption may direct to low morale, inefficient act and cause problems with the image and authority of the service. Strong controls are essential to eliminate corruption. Such control should come from within the institution and should be supported by community.

 

To keep in mind, there are no distinct easy solutions for dealing with corruption in institutions that deliver protection services. On the one hand, broad reforms such as liberalization and democratization could grant the proposal for clean governance and management, but on the other hand, the fight against corruption also demands precise reforms to create a culture of accountability, introduce public service reforms, raise civil awareness and put reasons for proper behaviour in place. Eventually, a strategy for responding to corruption must target administration, civil society and private investors.

 

Internal control of corruption

 

The main component in combating corruption is the attitude of leaders and the quality of line management. The leaders of the institution should take a strong stand against corruption. The absence of strict action against corruption in an institution conveys the significance that such conduct is acceptable, and that will lead to more corruption. Well-trained and sensitive administrators that will back up the chiefs in the institution will enhance their ability to combat corruption. It is often emphasized that training can contribute to the fight against corruption. Such training should be intended explicitly at the ethical behaviour and evading of corruption and in situation that may lead to corruption, for example, where an officer regularly accepts free meals at the same restaurant. If members of the institution are not informed of penalties of corruption, because it will just encourage corrupt practices. Arrests and prosecution of corrupt officers or officials will send a clear signal to other members of the institution.    

 

CHAPTER III of ANTI-CORRUPTION COMMISSION in the constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, Article (145{4}) authorized anti-corruption commission (ACC) by stating that, " The Commission shall have power to issue summons or other orders requiring representatives of relevant institutions and other bodies at all levels of government or persons or organizations to appear before it or produce any document or record relevant to any investigation by the Commission." This is not only the responsibility of (ACC) alone but it remains the responsibility of each member of an institution to report acts that constitute corruption to the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC). 

 

Communities or community control

 

The authorities need the help of the community to combat corruption. The public should be educated to know and understand the implications and outlay of corruption. It should be understand that even the smallest bribe can lead to greater corruption when an individual within a community didn't report such pace.  The increase focus on corruption in the state of affair is one reason that will exclusively reduce unlawful actions of public officials. Corruption is like HIV/Aids problem because it cannot be controlled completely but it must be combated based on corporation of vertical and horizontal communication of a state. Institutions can use a number of tools, such as strict control by executive officers, quality supervision, discipline, training and special units for investigating corruption. Community control includes educating the public and introducing community investigation units to help Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) eradicate dishonesty of protection officers and public officials. But South Sudan society is so busy with unprofitable duties such as tribal fights of which they don't even think of what is "well-being." Well-being is one of the most important aspects of our lives, as individuals and as societies.

 

Conclusion

 

As it was mentioned above that, "this article is not to assess or investigate the progress that has been made within the South Sudan public service," but its purpose is to put awareness on the table together with personal career as dishonesty is an evil in public affair of the State. Corruption is defined as the misused of public funds but it is undesirable and has an unenthusiastic effect on the provision of services. Also I have explained some numeral of conditions that may influence the scope of corruption and to which the execution of discretion becomes vulnerable to corrupt practices; for instance, in the absence of clear rules and codes of ethics, discretionary power could easily become abused. Nevertheless, I have described the basic adherence to moral codes that is expected of all members of a group or society in the public sector and how they are bound to administrative justice. In the control measures of corruption, it was said that arrests and prosecution of corrupt officers or officials will send a clear signal to other members of the institution. And finally, Corruption is enlightened to have characteristics of HIV/Aids, and it must be combated using corporation of vertical and horizontal communication of a state. Institutions have been revealed to use number of tools, such as a strict control via executive officers, quality management, obedience, training and special units for investigating corruption. Community controls are based on education as part of corruption prevention and introducing community investigation units to help Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) eliminate fraudulence of protection officers and public officials.

 

Joseph Monyde Malieny is the author of article  and a student at University of South Africa, Pretoria: and you reach him at Josephmalieny@yahoo.com

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March 10th, 2012 at 5:25 pm

Bior Kwer Bior, Jr. (Borglobe)

It’s astonishing how seldom we utter a word against any other urging matters of national concern but politics. All over our public forums, it appears like everyone has come down with some sort of politics Tourette. Well, let me, of all the people, do the unthinkable here, and break our great tradition of anti-kiirism and his Oyea party. I would like to rant against something that has recently gotten on last overcharged nerve. I’ve an axe to grind with typhoid fever.

In all the places that I’ve visited in South Sudan, and the neighboring countries, there is a myth that is being perpetuated in South Sudanese communities about the cause of this disease, and until this myth is busted and relegated to the realms of ignorance, the people who are afflicted and those who are harboring the germ responsible for this disease will never take an appreciable preventive action. Someone once lectured me with a straight face that the reason why typhoid fever is less prevalent in places like America is because those places aren’t as hot as Juba. I was stunt. I’ve never encountered such a stunningly over-confident level of stupidity in my life, but instead of correcting the Ape, I looked at him in awe.

First of all, there are 400 cases of typhoid fever reported every year in the United States (CDC, 2011), with 75% of these being people who got infected while travelling abroad, like me. Secondly, typhoid fever has nothing to do with the Sun as the myth seems to so erroneously suggest. If your Widal test comes back positive for Salmonella Typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, it’s probably because you’ve been eating food that was cooked by someone who’s shedding S. typhi. If you die of heat stroke, blame the sun; if you die because of typhoid fever, blame your wife, or whoever is preparing your food, or handling your drinking water. It’s hardly a rocket science and you too, my fellow lay-South Sudanese, can understand it!

Typhoid Fever is a bacterial disease caused by Salmonella Typhi. S. Typhi lives exclusively in someone’s intestinal tract, and is habitually excreted with feces. This mean that, like Cholera, typhoid fever is inextricably linked to poor hygiene practices, not because one is exposed to the relentless tropical sun. You get typhoid fever after eating food or drinking beverage that was carelessly handled by someone who is excreting S. Typhi.

However, the situation isn’t that really hopeless, and antibiotics aren’t the only answer. There are ways in which one can protect one’s family or self from this life-threatening, and yet often ignored illness. First, make sure that any member of your family who has been diagnosed with Typhoid Fever doesn’t ever set a foot near your kitchen. A simple household quarantine will suffice. Ensure that your household drinking water is sufficiently boiled. S.Typhi is beautifully heat- labile so it will not survive 100 degrees water boiling. Make sure that your kids aren’t sinking their teeth into those unwashed mango fruits their mother bought from the vender by the roadside. Actually, they’re better off drinking those expensive mango juice drinks because during the processing, those drinks were pasteurized. Raw milk is to be avoided at all cost.

To supplement these simple, and yet effective preventive regimes, have all the members of your family vaccinated against typhoid fever. Yes, there is a typhoid fever vaccine, albeit not a fool-proof one, which is wonderfully cheap. For as low as 100 South Sudan pounds, you’ll rest assured that your toddler will never come down with that life-threatening 103 degrees fever.

However, these preventive measures are hardly sufficient in combating this raging epidemic. The government has to ensure that all restaurants in Juba are S. typhi free. There is no greater harbor of this organism than a restaurant that doesn’t follow strict hygienic protocols. To protect the public, our health ministry must institute a restaurants inspection policy in which all restaurants in Juba, as well as all over our country, are inspected on a regular basis. Any restaurant whose employees are found to be S. typhi carriers ought to be closed down indefinitely until those employees are certified by a qualified government health expert that they’re germ-free. This practice is guaranteed to drastically cut the cases of typhoid fever in our country.

It’s monstrously unfair for our government to be spending arms and legs, trying to halt the spread of HIV/AIDS, a disease that solely kills those careless beasts among us, whilst not a whisper is heard about typhoid fever, which is silently killing the next generation of leaders all over our country. Our lives and those of our innocent ones are being threatened more everyday by those dinner plates that are half S. typhi and half rice full in those dirty restaurants in Konyo-konyo market than by those Kenyan or Uganda HIV/AIDS positive sex workers. Let’s get our priorities straight, or we’ll definitely be sorry lots!

 

Bior Kwer Bior Jr. is a South Sudanese national, who resides in the United States, but is currently vacationing in the Republic of South Sudan. Bior can be reached at: kbior@uvm.edu.

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